By Nasuhi Engin AydinIncreasing evidence suggests that endometriosis should be considered a systemic disease
By Nasuhi Engin Aydin
Professors Tulandi from McGill University, Canada, and Vercellini from Milano University, Italy, have recently published their expert opinion on endometriosis as a systemic disorder in Reproductive Biomedicine Online (RBMO). The contemporary view on endometriosis is suggestive of a type of…
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By Eylül GÜNCausal links between inflammatory regulators and endometriosis phenotypes
By Eylül GÜN
Endometriosis is believed to be polygenic and multifactorial, involving processes such as angiogenesis, immune responses, hormonal changes, and progesterone resistance. Inflammation is suspected to play a crucial role in its development, potentially creating a microenvironment that supports ectopic endometrial tissue growth.…
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Low-grade albeit longstanding inflammation may have a pivotal role in the ovary
By Nasuhi Engin Aydin
Academicians from Japan led by Associate Professor Makoto Orisaka published their update related to the role of inflammation in polycystic ovaries, endometriosis, and aging in the medical journal Frontiers in Endocrionology. Inflammation is the response of tissues to noxious stimuli…
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A herbal product has promising results in experimental endometriosis
By Nasuhi Engin Aydin
Neroli oil (bitter orange) is a nontoxic volatile substance from the flowers of Citrus aurantium that belongs to the Rutaceae family. This oil has notable anti-inflammatory effects besides potent antioxidant activity with 100% singlet oxygen scavenging activity. Contemporary pathophysiological views…
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Could H1-antihistamines be beneficial in endometriosis management ?
By Nasuhi Engin Aydin
K. B. Manthra, PhD, a postdoctoral researcher from the University of Minnesota has written a “clinical opinion” in a recent issue of the periodical American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Global Reports. Endometriosis is currently regarded as a chronic inflammatory…
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Vicious cycle: The promoting role of previous endometriosis foci for new lesions
By Nasuhi Engin Aydin
An experimental animal study on the pathogenesis of endometriosis from the Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Hamburg has been published in a recent issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences. Endometriosis is a well-known common gynecological ailment…
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Peritoneal Endometriosis and Acyclical pelvic pain
By Eylül GÜN
The most debilitating symptom of endometriosis is chronic pelvic pain. The peripheral nervous system is affected and the growth and regeneration of sensory nerve fibers in endometriotic tissue has been identified. The first line treatment which is hormonal therapy for…
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By Selma OransayEndometriosis and Progesterone Resistance
By Selma Oransay
Progesterone resistance is the unresponsiveness of endometrium with subsequent dysregulation of the progesterone signaling pathway, and endometrial gene works. Progestins, on the other hand, are the first-line treatment choice, especially for long-term treatment of endometriosis. In the clinics, one-third of…
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Scientific unfolding will lead new drug targets
By Nasuhi Engin Aydin
Drs. Dolmans and Donnez from academic institutions located in Brussels, Belgium, have published their comprehensive review on the current pathophysiological concepts in endometriosis with possible drug treatment potentials in the recent issue of a scientific journal named “Biomolecules”. As a…
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Molecular and cellular mechanisms of fibrogenesis in endometriosis
By Selma Oransay
Endometriosis lesions are characterized by endometrium-like cell proliferation, invasion, and oxidative stress associated with inflammation and neoangiogenesis. Fibrosis, which occurs due to these events, causes chronic pelvic pain depending on the location and the severity of endometriosis. For the purpose…
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By Hale Goksever CelikPostoperative serum markers to predict serum AMH recovery following endometriosis surgery
By Hale Goksever Celik
Women with endometriosis seek treatment including ovarian cystectomy, because of symptoms that reduce their quality of life. Ovarian cystectomy using laparoscopic or robotic devices is the preferred therapy. However, it has been shown in the literature that ovarian reserve is…
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By Bahar YukselIs endometriosis an oxidative stress-induced inflammation?
By Bahar Yuksel
The roots of endometriosis are still controversial, but the effects of inflammation and oxidative stress have been accepted by scientific authorities. In the review conducted by Lauren Clower et al, the studies about oxidative stress and endometriosis have been analyzed.…
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The effects of resveratrol on endometriotic cells
By Eylül GÜN
The current treatment methods for endometriosis still carry recurrence risks and side effects from medications. Herbal medicine has been investigated and used as an additional alternative method. Derived from several plants and found in some dietary sources, resveratrol is a…
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Is it possible to reduce pain by diet in endometriosis?
By Eylül GÜN
Endometriosis-related pain is one of the most common symptoms of endometriosis that significantly affects the patient's quality of life. The peripheral and central sensitization, caused by chronic inflammation activation, may result in referred pain. The pain perception was shown to…
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By Özge ÖzkayaPotential New Approach to Treat Endometriosis
By Özge Özkaya
Inhibiting ribosome biogenesis could be a potential therapeutic approach for endometriosis according to a new study published in the scientific journal Biomedicines. Ribosome biogenesis plays a key role in protein homeostasis during cell growth and division. Previous research has shown…
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Inflammatory and genetical background of endometriosis may yield new therapeutic approaches
By Nasuhi Engin Aydin
Elisa Giacomini and colleagues from medical centers in Milan, Italy have published their review manuscript on the inflammatory and genetical pathogenetic background of endometriosis in a recent issue of “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”, suggesting also new therapeutic approaches. The inflammatory…
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Molecular alterations in endometriosis pathogenesis
By Eylül GÜN
Endometriosis has been in our lives for decades, however little is known about its pathogenesis making it hard to diagnose and manage. A review study conducted by Balasubramanian et al. from India reveals all the characteristics and the underlying conditions…
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Etiopathogenesis of Endometriosis and Links with Endometrial Cancer
By Nasuhi Engin Aydin
Professor Terzic and colleagues from the Medical School of Nazarbayev University, Kazakhstan published their review on the molecular aspects of endometriosis and endometrial cancer in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”. The etiopathogenesis of endometriosis has remained controversial, with recent studies…
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Potential new Target to Reduce Endometriosis Pain
By Özge Özkaya
The inflammatory mediators, bradykinin, and bradykinin B1 receptor may play a role in the onset of endometriosis-associated pain according to a new study by Chinese researchers. They do so by inducing the prostaglandin signaling pathway. Therefore, targeting these biological pathways…
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The clues for pain and infertility in endometriosis/adenomyosis complex
By Nasuhi Engin Aydin
Drs. Gruber and Mechsner from Charite University-Berlin, Germany published their comprehensive review on pathophysiological background of endometriosis and adenomyosis in the scientific periodical “Cells”. Chronic pain and fertility problems are the main clinical issue in endometriosis and adenomyosis patients. In order to…
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Promising therapeutic results in experimental endometriosis model
By Nasuhi Engin Aydin
Tiziana Genovese and associates from Italian academic centers reported their pioneering findings in an experimental model of endometriosis administering an anti-tumor agent and glucocorticoid combination, published in the scientific periodical “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”. Endometriosis is a worldwide common disease…
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Does hyaluronic acid have a role in endometriosis?
By Nasuhi Engin Aydin
Pei-Hsiu Yu and associates from Tainan, Taiwan, published their results of original research on the role of hyaluronic acid in endometriosis formation in a recent issue of "Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology". Hyaluronic acid, a glycosaminoglycan protein in the…
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Women reject using hormonal drugs for endometriosis, an accelerating need for nonhormonal medications
By Bahar Yuksel
Although the pathophysiology of endometriosis is poorly understood, endocrine drugs are widely used for reducing inflammation and patients’ symptoms. Burla and colleagues aimed to evaluate the patients’ thoughts and expectations about the endocrine drugs which are used in the treatment…
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Selected Blood Inflammatory Biomarkers May Help Identify Endometriosis
By Özge Özkaya
Levels of inflammatory biomarkers in the blood differ between women with endometriosis and those without the disease. Levels of some biomarkers also differ according to the stage of endometriosis. This is according to a new study by Polish scientists published…
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Endometriosis and Inflammation: How to Treat it?
By Özge Özkaya
Women with endometriosis have systemic and localized inflammation within eutopic and ectopic endometrial tissues found in a study published in the "American Journal of Reproductive Immunology". More importantly, the study also found that the inflammation caused by the disease could…
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By Dr. Youngran ParkPain in Endometriosis
By Dr. Youngran Park
Endometriosis is a chronic and debilitating condition characterized by chronic pelvic pain (CPP) and infertility. It affects approximately 10% of women globally and more than 60% of women diagnosed with endometriosis report CPP. However, the mechanisms underlying the associated pain…
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By Ellen TumimbangNon-coding RNAs and Endometriosis
By Ellen Tumimbang
Non-coding RNAs may have a fundamental role in the development of endometriosis. Non-coding transcripts have regulatory roles in the expression of protein-coding genes, thus regulate several signaling pathways. Based on their length, these non-coding RNAs are classified into two main classes:…
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Mental stress promotes mice endometriosis
By Bahar Yuksel
Endometriosis is a disease for which pathogenesis and progression are not fully understood. Inflammation is one of the key candidates that might be related to the creation or progression of endometriosis. In the study conducted by Kawakita et al from…
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By Murat OsmanIs there a commonality between endometriosis and systemic lupus?
By Murat Osman
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that can affect many organs including the skin, joints, the central nervous system, and the kidneys. Women of childbearing age and certain racial groups are at increased risk to develop the condition.…
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By Yu YuWhite blood cell neutrophils link to immunosuppressive environment in ovarian endometrioma
By Yu Yu
Recently the contribution of neutrophils to the pathogenesis of endometriosis has been suggested. Several observations fuelled this suggestion, such as the accumulation of neutrophils in the peritoneal fluid of ovarian endometriosis; neutrophil extracellular traps were found in the peritoneal fluid of…
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Oxidative stress leads to elevated cytokines, excessive structural damage and angiogenesis
By Yu Yu
Endometriosis is characterized by elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species, which is then believed to upregulate inflammatory cytokines. Reactive oxygen species also regulate the activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), which is closely linked with immune responses.…
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Regulation of Inflammation in Endometriosis
By Dr. Youngran Park
Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent and multifaceted gynecological condition. Unfortunately, this disease frequently causes chronic and cyclic pelvic pain. Though there are several treatments are available, there is not an actual cure for this disease. Therefore, the development of new therapy…
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Endometrioma, follicular fluid, oocyte and embryo
By Yu Yu
It is estimated that infertility occurs in more than one-third of women with endometriosis. How endometriosis affects fertility, however, is not clearly known. The follicular fluid provides a microenvironment for oocyte development and impacts embryo quality. Thus, it is believed…
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Endometriosis and Women’s Tendency Towards Blood Clotting
By Özge Özkaya
Women with ovarian endometriomas have an abnormally increased tendency toward blood clotting, study shows. Researchers think that this is due to the inflammatory nature of endometriosis. So abnormal coagulation parameters could be used to diagnose endometriosis, however, more detailed studies…
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Endometriosis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
By Selma Oransay
Endometriosis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease show the same pathologic mechanism in terms of endothelial dysfunction. Tan et al. from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada reviewed the literature aiming to determine whether women…
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Endometriosis signaling: the role of IL-34
By Yu Yu
An increasing number of studies have suggested that the pathogenesis of endometriosis is mediated by cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)−17, which promoted the formation and progression of endometriosis by up-regulating angiogenesis and pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion. IL-34 is a newly described…
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Natural killer cells receptor expression in endometriosis
By Yu Yu
Increasingly, studies have reported that endometriosis pathogenesis is related to defect in immune functions. The data also points to the impaired function of natural killer (NK) cells, leading to less cytotoxic NK cell activity in endometriosis. Similar to B and…
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The role of inflammation, oxidative stress, angiogenesis, and apoptosis in the pathophysiology of endometriosis
By Dr. Youngran Park
Endometriosis is a very common gynecological disorder affecting approximately 10% of reproductive-aged women, and it is known by the abnormal growth of endometrial stroma and glands outside the uterus. Though the pathogenesis of endometriosis is not clearly understood so far,…
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Immune environment of endometriosis
By Yu Yu
The results from the past decade of research have shown that an altered pro-inflammatory immune environment in endometriosis is believed to contribute to the pathophysiology of the disease. Because of changes in the immune microenvironment in the disease state, the…
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M1 and M2 macrophages in ovarian endometriomas
By Yu Yu
Macrophages play an essential role in the immune response during inflammation and have been implicated in diseases such as inflammatory conditions and cancers. Broadly, macrophages are classified into M1 and M2. The M1 macrophages are pro-inflammatory, and in contrast, the…
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Could Vitamin D Be Linked to Endometriosis?
By Özge Özkaya
There does not seem to be a cause-effect relationship between vitamin D status and endometriosis. In other words, too much or not enough vitamin D does not seem to be associated with endometriosis. This is according to a review of…
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Antibiotic therapy for endometriosis
By Yu Yu
Current treatments for endometriosis are surgery and hormone therapy; however, these approaches may have significant side effects and do not prevent a recurrence. Therefore, alternative treatment modalities for endometriosis is needed. Recently, the idea that endometriosis may be influenced by…
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Correlation between Treg cells and peritoneal lesions in women with ovarian endometrioma
By Yu Yu
It is increasingly suggested that defective immune response is responsible for the survival and development of ectopic endometrial cells into endometriosis. In women with endometriosis, the immune system fails to create an inflammatory process that destroys endometrial cells at the…
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Anti-inflammatory cytokines: a new horizon in endometriosis with possible clinical relevance
By Nasuhi Engin Aydin
Scientists led by Dr. Li from Shangai PRC, have made a comprehensive review of anti-inflammatory cytokines related to the pathogenesis of endometriosis in a recent issue of Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. Inflammation is important in the pathogenesis of endometriosis,…
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Immunologic Disorder in the Progression of Endometriosis
By Dr. Youngran Park
Endometriosis becomes increasingly a health-social problem. However, definite diagnostic biomarkers and more effective treatments for endometriosis are still missing to this day. Many researchers focus on the peritoneal microenvironment of patients with endometriosis, especially the immunological microenvironment. Recently, Jørgensen et…
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Crocin improves endometriosis
By Yu Yu
Crocin is a carotenoid chemical compound in the flowers crocus and gardenia. It is one of the most important gradients in saffron. Previous studies showed that crocin may have multiple pharmacological effects including anti-tumor, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammation. There are several…
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By Irem OnurThe relationship between periodontal disease and endometriosis
By Irem Onur
Thomas et al. have recently studied the association between endometriosis and periodontal disease which may share a common pathogenesis, and have published it in the Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences. The authors screened a total of50 women; 25 with and 25…
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Local inflammation and disease severity in endometriosis
By Yu Yu
During inflammation, immune cell receptors recognize endogenous molecules called danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) or ‘alarmins’. This process reflects tissue damage and is mediated upon cell death in the condition of strong inflammation. HMGB1 and IL-33 are important DAMP molecules. Recently,…
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The association of endometriosis and peritoneal malignant mesothelioma
By Irem Onur
Endometriosis is well known to cause chronic inflammation of the serosa and incite mesothelial hyperplasia. Although multilocular peritoneal inclusion cysts and well-differentiated papillary mesothelioma were reported to be associated with endometriosis, the association of malignant mesothelioma has not been reported…
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Immune dysregulation in endometriosis
By Yu Yu
The connection between endometriosis and the immune system has long been proposed. However, to date, there is no real consensus on whether immune adaptations actually facilitate endometriotric lesion progression or they are a consequence of endometriosis re-occurrence. Thus, this article…
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Anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects of "Quercetin" on endometriosis
By Dr. Youngran Park
Quercetin is a major flavonol that is mainly derived from capers and involves a daily consumption of approximately 25–50 mg through various vegetables. In recent studies, Quercetin is reported as a functional compound in obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. This compound…
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A novel neurotransmitter, Ninj1, has been found to be expressed in endometriosis
By Irem Onur
Chronic inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of endometriosis and adenomyosis, and inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1b are highly expressed in them. Inflammation and subsequent hyperinnervation are involved in the pathophysiology of pain generation. High levels of expression of various…
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IL-37 regulates ectopic endometrial stromal cells to prevent endometriosis
By Dr. Youngran Park
Endometriosis has been identified as a chronic inflammatory disease. It has been shown that in the plasma and peritoneal fluid, women with endometriosis exhibit aberrant numbers of immune cells and concentrations of cytokines and chemokines that promote a chronic inflammatory…
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Toxic Pelvic Cavity and Infertility
By Murat Osman
Endometriosis is a disease defined by the presence of endometrial tissue outside of the uterine cavity and has an incidence of approximately 10% in women of reproductive age. Thus, it is an important consideration in chronic pelvic pain and infertility…
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A Balancing Act: How Endometriosis Invades the Body
By Murat Osman
Endometriosis is a disease defined by the presence of endometrial tissue outside of the uterine cavity. Ectopic endometrial tissues have been shown to have some features that mimic malignancy. For example, endometriosis can invade surrounding structures and attach to surfaces such…
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Detecting endometriosis using peripheral blood
By Yu Yu
Laparoscopic visualization of endometriotic lesions with histological confirmation is the gold standard for the diagnosis of endometriosis. However, this diagnostic procedure, due to the need for laparoscopy and variability of disease/symptoms, can have a major delay up to 8-10 years…
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Expert discussion on mechanisms of endometriosis development and progression
By Yu Yu
Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the occurrence and worsening of endometriosis. Classically, it is believed that retrograde menstruation causes endometriosis. However, the presence of endometriosis in newly menarcheal or pre-menarcheal girls cannot fully explain this early onset endometriosis.…
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Inflammatory molecules promote the migration and invasion of endometriosis cells
By Yu Yu
Increasing scientific evidence has shown that the immune and inflammatory mechanisms play a central role in the progression of endometriosis by allowing a permissive environment that allows migration, adhesion, proliferation, and invasion of endometrial cells in ectopic regions of the…
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New Target for Endometriosis Treatment?
By Özge Özkaya
NR4A1 could be a novel target for the treatment of endometriosis, according to a study published in the scientific journal Cell Physiology and Biochemistry. NR4A1 is a receptor protein involved in cell division, inflammation, and programmed cell death. The development…
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Altered Immunity in Endometriosis
By Yu Yu
In recent years, there has been increased attention on the role of immune system in endometriosis development. Normally, immune reactions are supposed to destroy endometrial cells seeding in the peritoneal cavity. Nonetheless, in endometriosis, these cells are able to evade,…
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By Kasthuri NairAbnormal Regulation of Pathways Seen in Endometriosis
By Kasthuri Nair
Sikora et al., a team from the Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, published a study in the Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics titled “The role of complement components C1q, MBL and C1 inhibitor in the pathogenesis of endometriosis.” It has been said that complement system…
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Non-coding RNAs in endometriosis
By Dr. Youngran Park
The pathophysiological mechanisms causing the development of endometriosis, which is a heterogeneous disease remain enigmatic, and a lack of effective biomarkers necessitates surgical intervention for diagnosis. Non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecules, which are important regulators of cellular function, have been implicated…
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Could Endometriosis Be Caused by Bacteria?
By Özge Özkaya
A new concept called the bacterial contamination hypothesis in endometriosis has been proposed for the first time by researchers in Japan. This means that new potential therapies approaches could exist for this condition in addition to the conventional estrogen-suppressing therapies.…
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Endocrine and inflammatory factors in current understanding of endometriosis
By Yu Yu
There are three forms of endometriosis: peritoneal, ovarian, and deep infiltrating. All three forms consist of endometriotic lesions containing endometrial glands, stroma, nerves, blood vessels, and inflammatory cells. Endometriosis symptoms can be accounted by these elements and the involving organs.…
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Irritable bowel syndrome and endometriosis.
By Dr. Youngran Park
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and endometriosis are two diseases affecting a significant part of the female population, either together or individually, with remarkable consequences in the quality of life. Several studies suggest an epidemiological association between them. Their association may…
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Inflammatory mediators in endometriosis pathogenesis
By Yu Yu
Proinflammatory cytokines play an important function in mediating inflammatory reactions in chronic inflammatory diseases and in endometriosis. IL-32 is a new proinflammatory cytokine, and can also induce other proinflammatory cytokines in the body such as Tumour Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) and…
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Elevated Neutrophil Traps in Deep Infiltrating Endometriosis
By Yu Yu
Neutrophils are a part of the innate immune system and act as a first-line host defense system by phagocytosis, intracellular killing and more recently describes mechanism involving extracellular killing by means of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). These traps are defined…
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Are there any risk factor associated with the progression of endometriosis to ovarian cancer?
By Murat Osman
Endometriosis is a disease whereby endometrial glands proliferate outside of the endometrial lining. Apart from causing significant morbidity, It has been found that endometriosis is associated with an increased risk of progression to endometroid and clear cell ovarian cancer. However,…
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By Demet Candaş GreenStress affects endometriosis negatively
By Demet Candaş Green
Stress contributes to many chronic health problems – endometriosis is one of them. Given that women with endometriosis are under more stress and pain, often with the added stress of infertility, it is important to understand the relationship between stress…
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The Role of Natural Killer Cells in the Development of Endometriosis Unravelled
By Özge Özkaya
Specialized immune cells called natural killer cells found in the peritoneal fluid of women with severe endometriosis may facilitate the development of the disease, according to a study published in the American Journal of Reproductive Immunology. This finding could help…
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Association between blood inflammatory markers and the risk of endometriosis
By Yu Yu
Previous studies have suggested that aberrant immunologic and inflammatory responses may play a role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Peritoneal fluid collected from endometriosis contains elevated immune cells that may enhance the survival of endometriosis by secreting growth factors and…
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A Two-Wave Molecular Mechanism for Endometriosis Disease Progression
By Kasthuri Nair
Kobayashi et al. recently published a review paper in Molecular Medicine Reports titled “Pathogenesis of endometriosis: The role of initial infection and subsequent sterile inflammation,” which discusses at length the role of non-specific bacterial infection and sterile inflammation in the…
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Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase p38 modulates Inflammation in Endometriosis
By Yu Yu
The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is a serine/threonine kinase, which transduces signals within the cell in response to various environmental stimuli. In doing so, it mediates intracellular signaling of cytokine production, cell proliferation, and apoptosis amongst many other cellular…
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Interleukin-6 Involved in the Development of Endometriosis
By Özge Özkaya
A chemical produced by the body called Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and known to be involved in inflammation also seems to promote the development of endometriosis. This is according to a study by Chinese scientists published in the journal Medical Science Monitor.…
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Plant Compound May Protect Against Endometriosis
By Özge Özkaya
Marrubiin, a compound derived from a plant in the mint family called white horehound may have protective effects against endometriosis, according to a study published in the journal Molecular Medicine Reports. Marrubiin is the main analgesic, or painkiller compound found…
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Agents Causing Red Blood Cell Lysis Worsens Endometriosis
By Kasthuri Nair
Endometriosis is a painful disease characterized by inflammation and the presence of pro-oxidation factors. These pro-oxidation factors are also released when red blood cells (RBCs) lyse. A paper titled “Dapsone hydroxylamine-mediated alterations in human red blood cells from endometriotic patients”…
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T-Cell Dysfunction May Worsen Endometriosis
By Murat Osman
Researchers from the Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan, have found that T regulatory lymphocytes (Treg) may be the reason for the formation of the chronic inflammatory environment involved in endometriosis, a study published in The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &…
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TFF3 May Be Involved in Endometriosis Research Suggests
By Özge Özkaya
Levels of a protein called TFF3 are significantly increased in the peritoneal cavity (the abdominal space) of women with endometriosis, found a study published in the scientific journal Reproductive Sciences. This increase was in line with levels of other known…
Lay Summary
Immune substances in peritoneal fluid for endometriosis diagnosis and armamentarium
By Yu Yu
Cytokines are immune substances secreted by a broad range of cells within the body, including immune cells like the macrophages, B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, mast cells, and non-immune cells such as the endothelial cells and fibroblasts. They are important in…
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